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The Glasgow effect refers to the unexplained poor health and low life expectancy of residents of Glasgow, Scotland, compared to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe. The hypothesis among epidemiologists is that poverty alone does not appear to account for the health disparity.〔Michael Reid, ("Behind the 'Glasgow effect' ), ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization'', 89(10), October 2011, pp. 701–776. PMID 22084504〕〔P. D. Donnelly, "Explaining the Glasgow effect: could adverse childhood experiences play a role?", ''Public Health'', 124(9), September 2010, pp. 498–499. PMID 20728908 A. J. Gavin, et al. "The Glasgow effect: useful construct or epidemiological dead end?," ''Public Health'', 125(8), August 2011, pp. 561–562. PMID 21794886 S. D. Fraser, S. George, ("Perspectives on differing health outcomes by city: Accounting for Glasgow's excess mortality" ), ''Journal of Risk Management and Healthcare Policy'', 8, 17 June 2015, pp. 99–110. PMID 26124684 Phil Hanlon, "Unhealthy Glasgow: a case for ecological public health?", ''Public Health'', 13 September 2015, pii: S0033-3506(15)00308-X. PMID 26376607〕 Equally deprived areas of the UK such as Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester have higher life expectancies, and the wealthiest ten percent of the Glasgow population have a lower life expectancy than the same group in other cities. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the effect, including vitamin D deficiency, cold winters, higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest, high levels of stress, and a culture of alienation and pessimism.〔 ==Mortality rates== Research led by David Walsh of the Glasgow Centre for Population Health in 2010 concluded that the deprivation profiles of Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester are almost identical, but premature deaths in Glasgow are over 30 per cent higher, and all deaths around 15 per cent higher, across almost the entire population.〔 The city's mortality rates are the highest in the UK and among the highest in Europe. With a population of 1.2 million in greater Glasgow, life expectancy at birth is 71.6 years for men, nearly seven years below the national average of 78.2 years, and 78 years for women, over four years below the national average of 82.3.〔Ali Muriel, ("Mystery of Glasgow's health problems" ), ''The Guardian'', 6 November 2012. ("Glasgow has lowest life expectancy in UK" ), BBC News, 19 October 2011. James Reid, ("Excess mortality in the Glasgow conurbation: exploring the existence of a ''Glasgow effect''" ), PhD thesis, University of Glasgow Faculty of Medicine, September 2008.〕 According to the World Health Organization in 2008, the life expectancy for men in the Calton area of Glasgow was 54 years.〔 A local doctor attributed this to alcohol and drug abuse, and a violent gang culture.〔("GP explains life expectancy gap" ), BBC News, 28 August 2008.("Male life expectancy at birth" ), BBC News, 28 August 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glasgow effect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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